Prenatal Blood Testing - Which Tests Are Performed

Prenatal Testing

The purpose of these tests is to diagnose existing problems that may affect the mother’s or baby’s health, identify and address problems as they arise, and to assess the risk of a baby having a chromosomal or genetic abnormality.

Most of the routine tests are associated with infections or conditions that should be resolved prior to a woman getting pregnant or, if she is already pregnant, should be resolved and/or monitored during her pregnancy.

The following pages contain information on many of these routine and some of the less routine tests. There may be, however, other tests that your doctor will recommend based on your personal medical history.

Pre-Conception (Pre-Pregnancy)
When a couple is considering having a child, they should consult with their doctor(s). Based on their family and medical histories, the health care professional(s) may recommend some or all of the following key routine laboratory tests:
Immunity to Rubella (German Measles)
HIV
Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis
Blood Type and Antibody screen
Hepatitis B screening
Hemoglobin
CBC (complete Blood count)

Rubella is caused by a virus that is passed from person-to-person by coughs or sneezes. Any contact with the nasal or throat secretions of an infected person can spread the virus. Women who have either had a Rubella infection or have received the vaccination will have an antibody in their blood that will usually prevent them from getting the infection a second time. This antibody also protects the unborn baby against the virus; this protection is called immunity.

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). At least 90-95% of individuals who are infected with the HIV virus will, within three months of exposure, develop enough antibodies to have a positive HIV test; over 99% of HIV infected individuals will have a positive test within six months. A new HIV test, called the HIV Proviral DNA test, has been shown to be 99% accurate at detecting HIV at 28 days after infection. If a pregnant woman is infected with the HIV virus, it can be passed to and infect her baby.

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis are three common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). These diseases are caused by bacterial infections and can lead to a miscarriage or can infect the baby prior to or during delivery.

Blood types are either A, B, AB, or O, and Rh positive or negative. Both the mother and baby may experience problems if their blood types are different, or if the mother has antibodies (antiglobulins) that will react with antigens (proteins or factors) on the baby’s red blood cells.

The Hepatitis B screening test is called a Hepatitis B Surface Antigen. It detects a protein produced by the virus and can detect a Hepatitis B infection even before it is causing symptoms. If a woman who is considering getting pregnant tests positive for Hepatitis B, she should talk to her doctor about how long she should wait for the infection to resolve before becoming pregnant.

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that gives blood its red color. It binds to oxygen in your lungs, transports it throughout the body, and releases it to the cells and tissues. During pregnancy, a woman’s hemoglobin must transport enough oxygen to meet both her and her baby’s needs. If a woman has insufficient hemoglobin, she is said to be anemic. Many pregnant women will experience some degree of anemia. Anemia can be caused by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or by increased RBC (blood) loss.

Other less routine testing:
Varicella zoster viral testing for immunity to chicken pox
TORCH panel if herpes, CMV, or toxoplasmosis is suspected
Bacterial vaginosis

Testing that may be offered to both the woman and her partner to evaluate the risk of inherited diseases:
Genetic testing for inherited diseases
Genetic hemoglobin disorders

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has stated, “All pregnant women should do prenatal screening”.

For more information on these tests, visit www.LabSafe.com

Iron Overload - Facts On Hemochromatosis

Hemochromatosis

Hemochromatosis (also known as hereditary hemochromatosis) is an inherited disorder of iron metabolism that occurs primarily in Caucasians. People with hemochromatosis absorb more iron than their body needs. As the body does not have a way to excrete excess iron, there is a progressive buildup of iron in tissues and organs. Eventually, the iron overload can lead to dysfunction and failure of several organs, notably the heart, liver, and endocrine portion of the pancreas. Complications include arthritis, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, heart arrhythmias and failure, and an increase in skin pigmentation termed "bronzing."

Risk factors
Having two copies of a mutated HFE gene is the greatest risk factor for hemochromatosis. Other risk factors include:

Family history. If you have a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, with hemochromatosis, you're more likely to develop the disease.

Ethnicity. People of Northern European descent — British, Dutch, German, Irish and French — are more prone to hemochromatosis than are people of other ethnic backgrounds. Hemochromatosis is less common in blacks, Hispanics and Asian-Americans.

Sex. Men are five times as likely as women are to develop iron overload, and they usually experience symptoms at an earlier age. Because women lose iron with menstruation and pregnancy, they tend to store less of the mineral than men do. After menopause or a hysterectomy, the risk for women increases.

Approximately 1 in 10 Caucasians have one abnormal (or mutated) copy of the gene associated with hereditary hemochromatosis and are called carriers. Carriers are not at risk for developing iron overload. About 1 in every 300 Caucasians has two mutated copies of the gene associated with HH and is at risk for developing iron overload and clinical symptoms. However, most people who carry two mutated genes never develop signs and symptoms of the disease. The reason for this is unknown, and research is ongoing to determine the percentage of individuals who eventually become sick with the disease.

The American Hemochromatosis Society has stated laboratory testing for hemochromatosis begins with two blood tests, iron and TIBC, from which the transferrin saturation is calculated. Serum ferritin is frequently measured as well to evaluate the body's iron stores and estimate the degree of iron overload. The values for both tests are elevated in patients with hemochromatosis. Follow-up evaluation in individuals with elevated saturated transferrin; detection of affected individuals and carriers of hereditary hemochromatosis is a
Hereditary Hemochromatosis, DNA Analysis test.


As with all test the results should be reviewed with your Physician.

To purchase an Iron with TIBC test simply order online at LabSafe at http://www.labsafe.com/lab-tests/test/512/ or visit our website at www.labsafe.com

For more information, or to speak with a member of our professional Medical Staff, call LabSafe toll free at 1-888-333-LABS

Research Studies That Have Used The NMR LipoProfile Test Method

Literature References to Studies Using NMR Lipoprotein Subclass Profiles


1. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Bennett DW. Quantification of plasma lipoproteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Chem 1991;37:377‑86.

2. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Bennett DW, Krauss RM. Development of a proton NMR spectroscopic method for determining plasma lipoprotein concentrations and subspecies distribution from a single, rapid measurement. Clin Chem 1992;38:1632‑1638.

3. Otvos JD. Determination of lipoproteins and their subfractions by nuclear magnetic resonance. IN: Laboratory Measurement of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins (Rifai N, Warnick R, eds), AACC Press, Washington DC, 1994, pp 329-333.

4. Otvos J, Jeyarajah E, Bennett D. A spectroscopic approach to lipoprotein subclass analysis. J Clin Ligand Assay 1996;19:184-189.

5. Parsons SK, Skapek SX, Neufeld EJ, Kuhlman C, Young ML, Donnely M, Brunzell JD, Otvos JD, Sallan SE, Rifai N. Asparaginase-associated lipid abnormalities in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1997;89:1886-95.

6. Otvos JD. Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by NMR spectroscopy. IN: Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing (Rifai N, Warnick R, Dominiczak MH, eds), AACC Press, Washington DC, 1997, pp 497‑508.

7. Freedman DS, Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Barboriak JJ, Anderson AJ, Walker J. Relation of lipoprotein subclasses as measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1046‑53.

8. Giri S, Thompson PD, Taxel P, Contois JH, Otvos JD, Allen R, Ens G, Wu AHB, Waters DD. Low‑dose estrogen improves serum lipids, homocysteine concentrations, and markers of fibrinolysis in elderly men. Atherosclerosis 1998;137:359‑366.

9. Vadlamudi S, MacLean P, Israel RG, Marks RH, Hickey M, Otvos JD, Barakat H. Effects of oral combined hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Metabolism 1998;47:1222‑1226.

10. Lilley SH, Spivey JM, Vadlamudi S, Otvos J, Cummings DM, Barakat H. Lipid and lipoprotein responses to oral combined hormone replacement therapy in normolipemic obese women with controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:1107‑1115.

11. Otvos J. Measurement of triglyceride‑rich lipoproteins by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Cardiol 1999;22(6 Suppl):II21‑7

12. Grundy SM, Vega LG, Otvos JD, Rainwater DL, Cohen JC. Hepatic lipase activity influences high density lipoprotein subclass distribution in normotriglyceridemic men: genetic and pharmacological evidence. J Lipid Res 1999;40:229‑34.

13. Yu HH, Ginsburg GS, O'Toole ML, Otvos JD, Douglas PS, Rifai N. Acute changes in serum lipids and lipoprotein subclasses in triathletes as assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1945‑9.

14. Nicklas BJ, Ryan AS, Katzel LI. Lipoprotein subfractions in women athletes: effects of age, visceral obesity and aerobic fitness. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:41‑7.

15. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM Association of the A-204C polymorphism in the cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase gene with variations in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. J Lipid Res 1999;40:1883-1889.

16. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Lahoz C, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, OrdovasJM. Association of the C-514T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene with variations in lipoprotein subclass profiles – The Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:815-822.

17. Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Absence of association between genetic variation in the promoter of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene and plasma lipoproteins in the Framingham Offspring Study. Atherosclerosis 2000;148:337-343.

18. Otvos JD. Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. IN: Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing (Rifai N, Warnick GR, Dominiczak MH, eds), AACC Press, Washington DC, 2000, pp 609-623.

19. Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ. Association of cholesterol ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk: The Framingham Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1323-1329.

20. MacLean PS, Vadlamudi S, MacDonald, Pories WJ, Houmard JA, Barakat HA. Impact of insulin resistance on lipoprotein subpopulation distribution in lean and morbidly obese nondiabetic women. Metabolism 2000;49:285-292.

21. Sartipy P, Camejo G, Svensson L, Hurt-Camejo E. Phospholipase A2 modification of low density lipoproteins forms small high density particles with increased affinity for proteoglycans and glcoaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2000;274:25913-25920.

22. Isasi CR, Shea S, Deckelbaum RJ, Couch SC, Starc TJ, Otvos JD, Berglund L. Apolipoprotein epsilon2 allele is associated with an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile in children: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study. Pediatrics 2000;106:568-75.

23. Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Otvos JD, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Levels and correlates of LDL and VLDL particles sizes among children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2000;152:441-449.

24. MacLean PS, Bower JF, Vadlamudi S, Green T, Barakat HA. Lipoprotein subpopulation distributions in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic women: a comparison of African and white Americans. Obes Res 2000;8: 62-70.

25. Miller M, Dolinar C, Cromwell W, Otvos JD. Effectiveness of high doses of simvastatin as monotherapy in mixed hyperlipidemia. Amer J Cardiol 2001;87:232-234.

26. Tangney CC, Mosca LJ, Otvos JD, Rosenson RR. Oral 17-b-estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy in postmenopausal women increases HDL particle size. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:251-260.

27. Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Otvos JD. Distribution and correlates of high‑density lipoprotein subclasses among children and adolescents. Metabolism 2001;50:370-376.

28. Kral BG, Becker LC, Yook RM, Blumenthal RS, Kwitterovich PO, Otvos JD, Becker DM. Racial differences in low density lipoprotein particle size in families at high risk for premature coronary heart disease. Ethn Dis 2001; 11:325-37.

29. Stein JH, Klein MA, Bellehumeur JL, McBride PE, Wiebe DA, Otvos JD, Sosman JM. Use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors is associated with atherogenic lipoprotein changes and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2001;104:257-62.

30. McKenney JM, McCormick LS, Schaefer EJ, Black DM, Watkins ML. The effect of niacin and atorvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:270-4.

31. Russo GT, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Otvos JD, Wilson PWF, Lahoz C, Cucinotta D, Couture P, Mallory T, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Association of the Sst-I polymorphism at the APOC3 gene locus with variations in lipid levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham offspring study. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:173-181.

32. Fusegawa Y, Kelley KL, Sawyer JK, Shah RN, Rudel LL. Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on the relationship between CETP activity and plasma lipoproteins in monkeys. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1849-57.

33. Vieira J, Gomes M, de Almeida A, Moriguchi EH. Changes in the profile of lipoprotein subfractions associated with hormone replacement therapy. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001;76:183-88.

34. Chan NN, Colhoun HM, Vallance P. Cardiovascular risk factors as determinants of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vascular reactivity in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1814-20.

35. Schaefer EJ, Brousseau ME, Diffenderfer MR, Cohn JS, Welty FK, O'Connor J, Dolnikowski G, Wang J, Hegele RA, Jones PJ. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein B metabolism in Tangier disease.. Atherosclerosis 2001;159:231-36.

36. Oliver WR, Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE, Sternbach DD, Kliewer SA, Hansen BC, Willson TM. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. PNAS 2001;98:5306-5311.

37. Galluzzi JR, Cupples LA, Otvos JD, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Association of the A/T54 polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein with variations in plasma lipids in the Framingham Offspring Study. Atherosclerosis 2001;159:417-24.

38. van der Valk M, Kastelein JJP, Murphy RL, van Leth F, Katlama C, Horban A, Glesby M, Behrens G, Clotet B, Stellato RK, Molhuizen HOF, Reiss P. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile. AIDS 2001;15:2407-2714.

38a Hurt-Camejo E, Paredes S, Masana L, Camejo G, Sartipy P, Rosengren B, Pedreno J, Vallve JC, Benito P, Wiklund O. Elevated levels of small, low-density lipoprotein with high affinity for arterial matrix components in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2001;44:2761-67.

39. Rosenson RS, Shalaurova I, Freedman DS, Otvos JD. Effects of pravastatin treatment on lipoprotein subclass profiles and particle size in the PLAC‑I Trial. Atherosclerosis 2002;160:41-8.

40. Otvos JD. Measurement of lipoprotein subclass profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Lab 2002;48:171-80.

41. Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Otvos JD, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Black/white differences in the relation of obesity to serum triglycerides and VLDL subclass concentrations among children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutrition 2002;75:827-33.

42. Colhoun HM, Otvos JD, Rubens MB, Taskinen MR, Underwood SR, Fuller JH. Lipoprotein subclasses and particle sizes and their relationship with coronary artery calcification in men and women with and without Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:1949-56.

43. Wilund KR, Ferrell RE, Phares DA, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM. Changes in high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions with exercise training may be dependant on cholesterol ester transfer protein (CTEP) genotype. Metabolism 2002;51:774-778

44. Rosenson RS, Freedman DS, Otvos JD. Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and LDL size to progression of coronary artery disease in the PLAC I trial. Amer J Cardiol 2002;90:89-94.

45. Kuller L, Arnold A, Tracy R, Otvos J, Burke G, Psaty B, Siscovick D, Freedman DS, Kronmal R. NMR spectroscopy of lipoproteins and risk of CHD in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1175-80.

46. Brousseau ME, O'Connor JJ, Ordovas JM, Collins D, Otvos JD, Massov T, McNamara JR, Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Schaefer EJ. The CETP Taq1 B2B2 genotype is associated with higher HDL-C levels and lower risk for CHD end points in men with HDL deficiency – The Veterans Affairs HDL Cholesterol Intervention Trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1148-54.

47. Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Taylor T, Daly JA, Gleason JA, Seman LJ, Ferrari A, Rubenstein JJ. Effects of atorvastatin on fasting and postprandial lipoprotein subclasses in coronary heart disease patients versus control subjects. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:689-96.

48. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Amer J Cardiol 2002;90(suppl):22i-29i.

49. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM. LDL particle concentration and size as determined by NMR spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2002;106:1930-37.

50. Davy BM, Davy KP, Ho RC, Beske SD, Davrath LR, Melby CL. High-fiber oat cereal compared with wheat cereal consumption favorably alters LDL-cholesterol subclass and particle numbers in middle-aged and older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:351-8.

51. Humphries SE, Berglund L, Isasi CR, Otvos JD, Kaluski D, Deckelbaum RJ, Shea S, Talmud PJ. Loci for CETP, LPL, LIPC, and APOC3 affect plasma lipoprotein size and sub-population distribution in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white subjects: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002;12:163-172.

52. Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, Bales CW, Henes S, Samsa GP, Otvos JD, Kulkarni KR, Slentz CA. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise training on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1483-92.

53. Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrell K, Evans RW, Holubkov R, Matthews KA. Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcification in postmenopausal women from the Healthy Women Study. Amer J Cardiol 2002;90(8A):71i-76i.

54. Colhoun HM, Taskinen M-R, Otvos JD, van den Berg P, O'Conner J, Van Tol A. Relationship of phospholipid transfer protein activity to HDL and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:3300-3305.

55. Otvos JD. Why cholesterol measurements may be misleading about lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular disease risk – clinical implications of lipoprotein quantification using NMR spectroscopy. J Lab Med 2002;26:544-50.

56. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey WT, Klein RL. Serum lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with gender and glycemia. Diabetes Care 2003;26:810-818.

57. Garvey WT, Kwon S, Zheng D, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Pugh K, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Liao Y. The effects of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2003;52: 453-462.

58. Shea S, Aymong E, Zybert P, Berglund L, Shamoon H, Deckelbaum RJ, Basch CE. Fasting plasma insulin modulates lipid levels and particle sizes in 2- to 3-year-old children. Obes Res 2003;11:709-721.

59. Blake GJ, Albert MA, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Effect of pravastatin on LDL particle concentration as determined by NMR spectroscopy: a substudy of a randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1843-47.

60. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Chang Y-F, Otvos J, Evans RW, Orchard TJ. Lipoprotein subclass measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy improve the prediction of coronary artery disease in Type 1 diabetes. A prospective report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2003;46:674-682.

61. Ma K, Cilingiroglu M, Otvos JD, Ballantyne CM, Marian AJ, Chan L. Endothelial lipase is a major genetic determinant for high density lipoprotein concentration, structure, and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:2748-53.

62. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey WT, Klein RL. Lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003;64:817-828.

63. Hammad SM, Powell-Braxton L, Otvos JD, Eldridge L, Won W, Lyons TJ. Lipoprotein subclass profiles of hyperlipidemic diabetic mice measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolism 2003;52:916-21.

64. Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Baksh RI, Intenzo C, Carey CM, Reese D, Walker K. Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1432-1436.

65. Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Schechter C, Schaefer EJ, Cupples AL, Lipton R, Cheng S, Shuldiner AR. Unique lipoprotein phenotype and genotype associated with exceptional longevity. JAMA 2003; 290:2030-2040.

66. Soedamah SS, Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Fuller JH, Julier K, Mackness MI, Neil HAW, The CARDS investigators. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and NMR spectroscopy defined lipoprotein subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients with ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2003; 167:243-55.

67. Kuivenhoven JA, Hovingh GK, van Tol A, Jauhiainen M, Ehnholm C, Fruchart JC, Fruchart J, Brinton E, Otvos JD, Smelt AHM, Zwinderman AH, Hayden MR, Kastelein JJP. Heterozygosity for ABCA1 gene mutations: effects on enzymes, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein particle size. Atherosclerosis 2003;171:311-319.

68. Li Z, Otvos JD, Lamon-Fava S, Carrasco WV, Lichtenstein AH, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Men and women differ in lipoprotein response to dietary saturated fat and cholesterol restriction. J Nutr 2003;133:3428-33.

69. Hays JH, DiSabatino A, Gorman RT, Vincent S, Stillabower ME. Effect of high sataturated fat and no-starch diet on serum lipid subfractions in patients with documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:131-1336.

70. Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Tayler T, Daly JA, Gleason JL, Seman LJ, Ferrari A, Rubenstein JJ. Comparisons of effects of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) on fasting and postprandial lipoproteins in patients with coronary heart disease versus control subjects. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:31-9.

71. Belani SS, Goldberg AC, Coyne DW. Ability of non-HDL cholesterol and calculated IDL to identify nontraditional lipoprotein risk factors in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:320-9.

72. Brousseau ME, Schaefer EJ, Wolfe ML, Bloedon LT, Digenio AG, Clark RW, Mancuso JP, Rader DJ. Effects of an inhibitor of cholesterol ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. NEJM 2004;350:1505-15.

73. Liao Y, Kwon S, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Garvey WT. Critical evaluation of Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2004;27:978-83.

74. Lyons TJ, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey WT, Klein RL. Diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoprotein subclasses in the DCCT/EDIC cohort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:910-8.

75. Freedman DS, Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Shalaurova I, Cupples LA, Parise H, D’Agostino RB, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ. Sex and age differences in lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: The Framingham Study. Clin Chem 2004;50:1189-1200.

76. Tsai MY, Georgopoulos A, Otvos JD, Ordovas JM, Hanson NQ, Peacock JM, Arnett DK. Comparison of ultracentrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the quantification of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after an oral fat load. Clin Chem 2004;50:1201-4.

77. Li Z, Lamon-Fava S, Otvos J, Lichtenstein AH, Velez-Carrasco W, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Fish consumption shifts lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern in humans. J Nutrition 2004;134:1724-8.

78. Cromwell WC, Otvos JD. Low-density lipoprotein particle number and risk for cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004;6:381-7.

79. Kwiterovich PO, Virgil DG, Garrett ES, Otvos J, Driggers R, Blakemore K, Cockrill SL, Macfarlane RD. Lipoprotein heterogeneity at birth: influence of gestational age and race on lipoprotein subclasses and Lp(a) lipoprotein. Ethn Dis 2004;14:351-59.

80. Jenkins AJ, Thorpe SR, Alderson NL, Hermayer KL, Lyons TJ, King LP, Chassereau CN, Klein RL. In vivo glycated low-density lipoprotein is not more susceptible to oxidation than nonglycated low-density lipoprotein in type 1 diabetes. Metabolism 2004;53:969-76.

81. Klein RL, McHenry MB, Lok KH, Hunter SJ, Le N-A, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Semler AJ, Brown WV, Lyons TJ, Garvey WT. Apolipoprotein C-III protein concentrations and gene polymorphisms in type 1 diabetes: associations with lipoprotein subclasses. Metabolism 2004;53:1296-1304.

82. Hanak V, Munoz J, Teague J, Stanley A, Bittner V. Accuracy of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for prediction of the low-density lipoprotein phenotype B. Amer J Cardiol 2004;94:219-22.

83. Bhalodkar NC, Blum S, Rana T, Bhalodkar A, Kitchappa R, Kim K-S, Enas E. Comparison of levels of large and small high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Asian Indian men compared with Caucasian men in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1561-1563.

84. Seshadri P, Iqbal N, Stern L, Williams M, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Gracely EJ, Rader DJ, Samaha FF. A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med 2004;117:398-405.

85. Ikewaki K, Tohyama J, Nakata Y, Wakikawa T, Kido T, Mochizuki S. Fenofibrate effectively reduces remnants, and small dense LDL, and increases HDL particle number in hypertriglyceridemic men – a nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004;11:278-285.

86. Ma K, Forte T, Otvos JD, Chan L. Differential additive effects of endothelial lipase and scavenger receptor-class B type I on high-density lipoprotein metabolism in knockout mouse models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:149-154.

87. Costacou T, Zgibor JC, Evans RW, Otvos J, Lopes-Virella MF, Tracy RP, Orchard TJ. The prospective association between adiponectin and coronary artery disease among individuals with type 1 diabetes. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2005;48:41-48.

88. Goff DC, D’Agostino RB Jr, Haffner SM, Otvos JD. Insulin resistance and adiposity influence lipoprotein size and subclass concentrations. Results from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Metabolism 2005;54:264-270.

89. Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Evans RW, Holubkov R, Matthews KA. Hormone therapy, lipoprotein subclasses, and coronary calcification. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:510-515.

90. Suter PM, Marmier G, Veya-Linder C, Hanseler E, Lentz J, Vetter W, Otvos J. Effect of orlistat on postprandial lipemia, NMR lipoprotein subclass profiles and particle size. Atherosclerosis 2005;180:127-135.

91. Kwiterovich PO, Cockrill SL, Virgil DG, Garrett ES, Otvos J, Knight-Gibson C, Alaupovic P, Forte T, Zhang L, Farwig ZN, Macfarlane RD. A large high-density lipoprotein enriched in apolipoprotein C-I: a novel biochemical marker of infants of lower birth weight and younger gestational age. JAMA. 2005; 293:1891-1899.

92. Dornbrook-Lavendar KA, Joy MS, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Chin H, Hogan SL, Pieper JA. Effects of atorvastatin on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol phenotype and C-reactive protein levels in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:335-344.

93. Ikewaki K, Noma K, Tohyama J, Kido T, Mochizuki S. Effects of bezafibrate on lipoprotein subclasses and inflammatory markers in patients with hypertriglyceridemia – a nuclear magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol 2005;101:441-7.

94. Festa A, Williams K, Hanley AJG, Otvos JD, Goff DC, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM. Nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein abnormalities in prediabetic subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation. 2005; 111:3465-72.

95. Costacou T, Lopes-Virella MF, Zgibor JC, Virella G, Otvos J, Walsh M, Orchard TJ. Markers of endothelial dysfunction in the prediction of coronary artery disease in Type 1 diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. J Diabetes Complications. 2005;19:183-93.

96. Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, Buse JB, Zagar AJ, Pinaire JA, Tan MH, Khan MA, Perez AT, Jacober SJ. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2005;18:1547-54.

97. Bhalodkar NC, Blum S, Rana T, Bhalodkar A, Kitchappa R, Enas EA. Effect of leisure time exercise on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, its subclasses, and size in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:98-100.

98. Deguchi H, Pecheniuk NM, Elias DJ, Averell PM, Griffin JH. High-density lipoprotein deficiency and dyslipoproteinemia associated with venous thrombosis in men. Circulation. 2005;112:893-9.

99. Thijssen MA, Mensink RP. Small differences in the effects of stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid on the serum lipoprotein profile of humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:510-6.

100. Fagerberg B, Edwards S, Halmos T, Lopatynski J, Schuster H, Stender S, Stoa-Birketvedt G, Tonstad S, Halldorsdottir S, Gause-Nilsson I. Tesaglitazar, a novel dual peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor a/g agonist, dose-dependently improves the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in a non-diabetic population. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1716-25.

101. Rosenson RS. Assessing risk across the spectrum of patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:8E-10E.

102. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JL, Aeschlimann SE, Korcarz CE, Underbakke GL, Mays ME, Sosman JM. Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function inpatients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Am Heart J. 2004;147:E18.

103. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JB, McBride PE, Wiebe DA, Sosman JM. Postprandial lipoprotein changes in patients taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:399-405.

104. Ruano G, Seip RL, Windemuth A, Zollner S, Tsongalis GJ, Ordovas J, Otvos J, Bilbie C, Miles M, Zoeller R, Visich P, Gordon P, Angelopoulos TJ, Pescatello L, Moyna N, Thompson PD. Apolipoprotein A1 genotype affects the change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions with exercise training. Atherosclerosis. 2006;185:65-9.

105. Yishak AA, Costacou T, Virella G, Zgibor J, Fried L, Walsh M, Evans RW, Lopes-Virella M, Kagen VE, Otvos J, Orchard TJ. Novel predictors of overt nephropathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes. A nested case control study from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:93-100.

106. Shadid S, LaForge R, Otvos JD, Jensen MD. Treatment of obesity with diet/exercise versus pioglitazone has distinct effects on lipoprotein particle size. Atherosclerosis. 2005. epub ahead of print.

107. Westman EC, Yancy WS Jr, Olsen MK, Dudley T, Guyton JR. Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses. Int J Cardiol. 2005. epub ahead of print.

108. Kathiresan S, Otvos JD, Sullivan LM, Keyes MJ, Schaefer EJ, Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Robins SJ. Increased small low-density lipoprotein particle number: a prominent feature of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2006;113:20-9.

109. Otvos JD, Collins D, Freedman DS, Shalaurova I, Schaefer EJ, McNamara JR, Bloomfield HE, Robins SJ. LDL and HDL particle subclasses predict coronary events and are changed favorably by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT). Circulation. 2006;113:1556-63.

110. Szapary PO, Bloedon LT, Samaha FH, Duffy D, Wolfe ML, Soffer D, Reilly MP, Chittams J, Rader DJ. Effects of Pioglitazone on lipoproteins, inflammatory markers, and adipokines in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:182-8.

111. Davy BM, Davy KP. Comparison of assessment techniques: plasma lipid and lipoproteins related to the metabolic syndrome. Lipids Health Dis. 2006;5:3. epub ahead of print.

112. Pennington JS, Pennington SN. Rat adult offspring serum lipoproteins are altered by maternal consumption of a liquid diet. Lipids. 2006;41:357-63.

113. Mora S, Szklo M, Otvos JD, Greenland P, Psaty BM, Goff DC Jr, O’Leary DH, Saad MF, Tsai MY, Sharrett AR. LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2006. epub ahead of print.

114. Seip RL, Otvos J, Bilbie C, Tsongalis GJ, Miles M, Zoeller R, Lisich P, Gordon P, Angelopoulos TJ, Pescatello L, Moyna N, Thompson PD. The effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on serum lipoprotein particle response to exercise. Atherosclerosis. 2006. epub ahead of print.

115. Kuvi JT, Dave DM, Sliney KA, Mooney P, Patel AR, Kimmelsteil CD, Karas RH. Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein particle size, distribution, and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2006. epub ahead of print.

116. Demissie S, Cupples LA, Shearman AM, Gruenthal KM, Peter I, Schmid CH, Karas RH, Housman DE, Mendelsohn ME, Ordovas JM. Estrogen receptor-alpha variants are associated with lipoprotein size distribution and particle levels in women: The Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2006. epub ahead of print.